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Planet formation around stars of various masses: Hot super-Earths

机译:各种群众的恒星周围的行星形成:热超级地球

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摘要

We consider trends resulting from two formation mechanisms for short-periodsuper-Earths: planet-planet scattering and migration. We model scenarios wherethese planets originate near the snow line in ``cold finger'' circumstellardisks. Low-mass planet-planet scattering excites planets to low periastronorbits only for lower mass stars. With long circularisation times, theseplanets reside on long-period eccentric orbits. Closer formation regions meanplanets that reach short-period orbits by migration are most common aroundlow-mass stars. Above ~1 Solar mass, planets massive enough to migrate toclose-in orbits before the gas disk dissipates are above the critical mass forgas giant formation. Thus, there is an upper stellar mass limit forshort-period super-Earths that form by migration. If disk masses aredistributed as a power law, planet frequency increases with metallicity becausemost disks have low masses. For disk masses distributed around a relativelyhigh mass, planet frequency decreases with increasing metallicity. As icyplanets migrate, they shepherd interior objects toward the star, which grow to~1 Earth mass. In contrast to icy migrators, surviving shepherded planets arerocky. Upon reaching short-period orbits, planets are subject to evaporationprocesses. The closest planets may be reduced to rocky or icy cores. Low-massstars have lower EUV luminosities, so the level of evaporation decreases withdecreasing stellar mass.
机译:我们考虑由短周期超地球的两种形成机制引起的趋势:行星-行星的散射和迁移。我们对这些行星起源于``冷手指''外星盘中雪线附近的场景进行了建模。低质量的行星行星散射仅对于质量较低的恒星才将行星激发到低的近地轨道。圆化时间长,这些行星位于长周期的偏心轨道上。靠近地球的形成区是指通过迁移到达短周期轨道的行星最常见于低质量恒星周围。在〜1太阳质量以上,行星的质量足以在气碟消散之前迁移到近地轨道,而这超过了天然气巨头形成的临界质量。因此,通过迁移形成的短周期超地球存在恒星质量上限。如果将磁盘质量作为幂律分布,则行星频率会随着金属性的增加而增加,因为大多数磁盘的质量都较低。对于分布在相对较高质量附近的磁盘质量,行星频率随着金属性的增加而降低。当冰行星迁移时,它们将内部物体引向恒星,恒星生长至约1个地球质量。与冰冷的移民相反,幸存的牧羊人行星是岩石。到达短周期轨道后,行星将经历蒸发过程。最近的行星可能会减少到岩石或冰冷的核心。低质量恒星的EUV发光度较低,因此蒸发量随恒星质量的增加而降低。

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